HEAVILY LOADED VEHICLE TIRES ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

ABSTRACT:

Vibration characterization and experimental modal analysis were carried out
with a heavily loaded vehicle tire. These tires are typically subjected to loads that are
over two times those experienced by a passenger car tire. The results obtained
through experimental modal analysis were compared to similar results obtained for
standard passenger car tires. The comparisons show that the heavily loaded tire has
unique dynamic characteristics. Complex damping and nonlinear behavior were
considered to explain these characteristics. A flexible ring tire model was used to
investigate these nonlinear characteristics. Complex damping was also examined to
explain the experimental observations. This thesis contains some of the first results
on vibration characterization of heavily loaded vehicle tires. The incorporation of the
results into a multi-degree-of-freedom tire model for use with the Effective Road
Profile Control scheme used for vehicle durability simulation studies was also

investigated.

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Design of a Manually Operated Paper-Recycling Machine

Abstract
A manually operated paper-recycling machine was designed and fabricated. This was done to enable waste paper conversion into useful product. The fabricated plant consists of six major component units that include the disc refiner, the hydropulper, the head box, the felt conveyor, the driers and the rollers. From the results of experimental analysis carried out on the study, it was discovered that for every 0.1kg of used paper fed into the refiner, about 7000ml of water is required to defibre it, and about 0.2 kg of starch adhesive is required. The calculated volume of the refiner, hydropulper and head box is 11795.62cm3, 62930.47cm3 and 60979.096cm3 respectively. The fabricated machine is capable of producing 7.6 kg of recycled paper from 10 kg of used papers

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How to choose Final Year Projects Topics in Mechanical Engineering

How to choose Final Year Projects Topics in Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Final Year Projects Title

There is a great importance of final year project in an engineering (Mechanical Engineering) study because this project work will help the student to identify the problem, find the solution of it and complete understanding of what he/she has done. Project sometimes decide student's specialization area in future study or future job. Project gives student to work in group so one has ability to lead the team, learn what is team work and what is the importance of collective efforts in any problem or project. 

One need to choose the project topic based on the 

·                     Availability of resources: You need to make sure about what is available with you and what is to be needed for your project work. What are the software skills, material needed? Have a habit of reading books related to your subject area.

·                     Personal interest in subject: You cannot do well in your project work if you are not enjoying it and one can only enjoy the work when he/she has interest in it. So, carefully decide the area of your project work i.e.

§                Machine Design (Involves design of machine elements)

§                Thermal Engineering (Involves thermal interactions between systems)

§                Manufacturing Science (Involves manufacturing machine elements)

§                Other (Includes Industrial engineering stuffs)

·                     You can cultivate interest in a particular field provided you are serious about it otherwise you have to suffer and ready to accept the results.

·                     Costing during project fabrication or preparation:  One of the most important factor in doing project is money. If you do not have sufficient fund, you need to compromise with the work and with its quality. Meet with your college authorities about the costing and find the way to tackle it.

·                     Guide or Supervisor: This is one of the most important point while doing project because you will be given right path by your guide, he/she will direct you to what is right and what should not to do based on their experience. Have positive and friendly relation with your guide and that does not mean you can treat him/her with friends. Maintain the distance and give respect them. 

So, Consider above points in mind before selecting any particular topics for your academics.

Following is a list of some probable and most desirable final year mechanical (BE) project title.

These title may cover study, design and analysis of each component for a project.

Industrial Projects:

Visit the nearest industry and find what can be taken as project work. This may be development of any department or section with respect to change or modification in any machine of that industry or optimize any machine to increase productivity.

Consult your seniors and teacher to help you to choose right and challenging final year topics
Have a self confidence to do your project work and get the work done and be motivated to do your work sincerely so that you do not feel your work as burden   

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mini hydraulic excavator

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future cycle its will not only run. it will be fly

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Solar Powered Cycle The solar electric rickshaw, Soleckshaw, can easen the lives of over five million cycle rickshaw drivers.

Zero carbon emission, low noise, suspension system for passenger comfort and lower footboard for easy mount

Go to any part of India and one would notice colorful hooded tricycles parked in every city street corner or being pedalled away. That’s a cycle rickshaw, a popular mode of transport in congested areas of the city. The rickshaw, as it is commonly called, is the only non-polluting commercial vehicle in India and the sole means of earning livelihood for over 5 million people of India’s 1.14 billion population. And it’s hard work. To pedal or pull a rickshaw with a combined weight of over 150 kg including the passengers entails strenuous manual labor. The task is not only arduous but also causes various ailments to rickshaw drivers.
Now after over 100 years of the rickshaw era, scientists at Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi have found a pollution-free solution to end the bane of this large populace by developing solar electric rickshaw, named as Soleckshaw. It is a rickshaw that is driven partly by pedal and partly by electric power supplied by a battery that is charged from solar energy. The initiative has come as a small step towards improving life of 800 million people who are living below the poverty line, including 5 million rickshaw-pullers. Though auto rickshaws, vehicles driven on fossil fuel, are also an economical means of transport and are used by millions of commuters, soleckshaw with its zero carbon footprint promises cleaner environment, providing quality of life for rickshaw-pullers without any reliance on fuel.

SAFE

Soleckshaw has been developed by a team of scientists at CSIR national laboratory, Central Mechanical and Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) in Durgapur, West Bengal. The CMERI team has designed it to be a stable and safe vehicle which can be driven economically.
The pedicab is motor-assisted and therefore is likely to be driven easily both on plain area as well as uphill, without any risk of imbalance which currently all rickshaws suffer from. “The override mechanism on the rear axle ensures that both the rear wheels supply equal traction, making up for the balance of the vehicle and ease in taking turns,” explains Gopal Sinha, director at Advanced Institute of Science and Training, New Delhi an independent organization promoted by CSIR. Sinha was the project advisor of soleckshaw. He says, “One of the main aims of soleckshaw is to reduce the effort required to pull a rickshaw. The 36V motor has been used to ‘assist’ the driver in pedalling. Even though it may not relieve him of pedalling, it will definitely make the task almost effortless for him.”
Besides, the rickshaw driver’s seat has been designed to give him more comfort. The seat is adjustable and so he would not have to stand on the pedals all the time. A suspension system has been used to ensure smooth ride. For increased safety of both the driver and the passengers, all the three wheels have the braking system. Aesthetics have also been taken care of and the new pedicab is loaded with features such as headlight, tail lamp, and indicators. For passenger comfort, the soleckshaw has lower footboard which is likely to provide ease mount for everyone, including children, senior citizens, and the disabled.

INSIGHT
So how does the entire machinery work? There is a brush less direct-current (BLDC) motor controller at the centre of the soleckshaw’s handle. The driver inserts and rotates the ignition key provided in the controller to switch on the connection. On the right handle a throttle is provided, which generates power on being rotated. After the connection is established, the driver needs to start pedalling the soleckshaw and then rotate the throttle to get the power at the front wheel. Near the throttle on the right handle a push button is provided to select between two drive modes. The driver can first pedal and then turn the throttle to get assistance from the BLDC motor while pedalling or he could use the throttle first for minimal assistance from the motor and then begin pedalling. The first mode is said to be the most economic and recommended mode. Adopting the first mode will lead to faster pick up of soleckshaw and once it picks up speed the driver will get full assistance from the motor, having to pedal with minimal effort.
The new pedicab with seating capacity of two to three passengers and a payload of 150-200 kg (excluding the driver) is expected to speed up to 15 kmph. The rear wheels of soleckshaw are manually driven while the front wheel is driven by BLDC electric hub motor which is mounted on the wheel. The motor, which weighs approximately 5 kg, is powered by 36V, 18AH lead acid battery which is charged by solar energy. Run on a simple, light transmission system, the soleckshaw’s BLDC hub motor is a traction type motor that is capable of supplying high torque at low speed, with no need for gears on plains. However, for areas where the road gradient is high, a soleckshaw with gears will also be available on order.
For better traction control of the vehicle, sprocket and chain drive are complemented with an override mechanism at the centre of the rear axle. The box type solar battery, weighing approximately 15 kg, has been placed underneath the passenger seat to give easy access for replacement at the solar charging stations. The soleckshaw battery can also be charged with domestic 15 ampere power socket. However, scientists say it will no longer remain a green vehicle if charged with electricity. Therefore, they want the battery to be charged only at the solar charging stations. “There should not be a need to charge the battery with electricity as we plan to make the charged batteries easily available round the clock. Each solar charging station will be able to charge 10 batteries in 24 hours. The stations will be open 24/7 and will be able to save the solar energy in a battery for charging other batteries,” explains Sinha. According to him, the future models of soleckshaw will not have electric power charging facility.
In size, soleckshaw’s body has been customized in different models to suit different terrains and purposes. The hood and seat colours can be customised too. According to CMERI director Gautam Biswas, since the soleckshaw project is in development stage, different materials, both conventional and new, are being tried for optimization. Even different batteries are being used for performance evaluation. The brand finalisation will happen only after obtaining optimum results.
“The Mark I version of soleckshaw has been designed, developed and prototyped by CMERI in record time of eight months. A functional prototype of Mark I version was launched in Delhi in October 2008 for trial and test. The solar charging station for swapping batteries has been set up by the Central Electronics Limited and the BLDC motor has been developed by Crompton Greaves based on the specifications given by CMERI ,” says Amit Jyoti Banerjee, CMERI scientist and project leader (manufacturing) for soleckshaw. Sheila Dikshit, chief minister of Delhi, and Union human resource development minister Kapil Sibal, who was the then minister of science and technology and earth sciences, launched the soleckshaw in October.
After Mark I is tested on ground, Banerjee’s team will focus on improving and developing future models of soleckshaw. According to him, models Mark I Series 1 & 2 (Series 2 is a slimmer and lighter version of Series 1) and Mark II are being tested in Durgapur, Chandni Chowk, and Ghaziabad. A selective model of Mark II soleckshaw is likely to have a solar panel on top. Nevertheless, according to Sinha, it will still need to get its battery charged atthe solar charging station as it may not get completely charged under the sun.
Mark II is slimmer and lighter than Mark I, providing a higher speed limit of up to 30 kmph. Mark III soleckshaw, which is currently just a concept, could be a spacious family vehicle with reclined seats and aerodynamic body. It is expected to be launched before the Commonwealth Games in 2010. Maintenance of a soleckshaw should not be a problem, according to the developers of the vehicle. One battery takes 5-6 hours for charging. However, one needn’t wait for charging as solar charging stations will be set up to provide the facility of replacing a drained battery with a charged one. With a fully charged battery, a soleckshaw can be driven for as much as 30-40 km, giving the driver an opportunity to earn more in a day than what is possible with a manual rickshaw.

COST EFFECTIVE
A soleckshaw is available at Rs 30,000-35,000. The CMERI team is working on ways to reduce the manufacturing cost. When the vehicle gets mass produced the price is expected to come down to Rs 20,000-25,000. Creators of soleckshaw believe it is cost-effective for mass manufacturers. “The cost-effectiveness of soleckshaw has been engineered by optimizing the system around the most appropriate commercially available components. This minimises the capital requirement for a mass manufacturing unit. Only the novel sub-assemblies like the differential drive, the special hub motor with regenerative feature and the light weight solar panel need to be manufactured apart from the chassis,” says Amit Jyoti Banerjee. The technology has been transferred to two companies—Modular Machines, Faridabad and Dean Systems, Kolkata. Moreover, it seems that the Science and Technology wing of Embassy of India in the US is thinking of importing a few soleckshaws to USA .
Banerjee also adds that innovative business models are being evolved with NGOs, banks, environment-loving corporates and manufacturing organizations to make the soleckshaw available to the drivers at the cost of an ordinary rickshaw. Moreover, capital gain from advertisements and carbon credits could be used for subsidizing the cost of soleckshaw. Pradip K Sarmah, executive director, Centre for Rural Development, an NGO in Noida that operates a rickshaw bank among its other services, says, “A normal rickshaw is priced between Rs 8,000 and Rs 10,000. When soleckshaw comes in market, we do not intend to increase the financial burden on the buyer, that is, the rickshaw-puller and the like. For example, currently if a rickshaw-puller pays us an installment of Rs 30 per day for 300 days for a rickshaw worth Rs 9,000, he may pay us the same rental for 600 days to own a soleckshaw worth Rs 20,000. This way we will reduce their drudgery and provide them with a better product to earn more and earn faster to improve their quality of life.”
As the soleckshaw is still in testing phase, a few challenges are yet to be addressed. The soleckshaw models on road are yet to weather the rainy season in India. “It is a key success factor for us. The motor is vulnerable but Crompton Greaves has assured that it has tested the motor under submerged conditions. We want that if the vehicle gets stranded in a flooded street, the motor should be able to pull it out of water. We are going to test that in the coming monsoon,” says Sinha.
“The size and placement of motor and battery were two major challenges we have overcome. The target was to optimize weight and the driving effort of the rickshaw-puller. We were to make a robust design which is highly reliable so that the user does not have to spend on repairs or maintenance for minimum 2-3 years from the time he buys a soleckshaw,” adds Sinha. “Plans to make solar battery charging stations functional across the country are under way. The challenge that remains is to optimize the cost drastically. Currently the cost of setting up one solar station is around Rs 10 lakh. We want to reduce the cost by 50 percent because we would want to set up one station within 3-5 km radius in every location by Commonwealth Games 2010. The cost of charging a battery is Rs 45 at present (which will work for 30–35 km), which is also something we are trying to cut.”
Although CSIR and CMERI are yet to add final touches to soleckshaw, the project is undoubtedly being awaited by a large number of rickshaw-pullers as it promises to change their life for the better.

FUTURE
Toyota Prius will be launched in 2010 offering a solar roof which will power the ventilation system of the car. In future, Toyota may also develop a vehicle that will be powered solely by solar energy. Tata Motors has announced that it will bring an all-electric vehicle with their new Indica EV which will be able to travel 125 miles on a single 8 hour charge. The new India EV is expected to be launched in 2010. CMERI is also trying to develop solar auto rickshaw. It also intends to develop electric cars partially powered by solar energy.
Narayanan Suresh is Group Editor of Technology Review India and Vantika Dixit is Senior Assistant Editor of Technology Review India.

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Anti Theft System in Automobiles

This is the final year Electronics project report on "Anti Theft System" which help in solving increasing theft of Car and automobile owner. This paper proposes an anti-theft system to ensure car owners for avoiding car theft and also, the mentioned hardware of this project will be designed in practice. You can also Subscribe to FINAL YEAR PROJECT'S by Email for more such projects and seminar. Above figure shows the block diagram of Anti-Theft system whose main component is a Micro-controller[...]

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Automatic Rain Sensing Wiper Cum Headlight Controller

he Automatic rain operated wiper system is a fully automation project and is meant for final year Mechanical engineering students. Rain-sensing wipers are offered as standard equipment or as an inexpensive factory option on many new cars, light trucks and SUVs. There are also many systems offered by aftermarket suppliers. You can also Subscribe to FINAL YEAR PROJECT'S by Email for more such projects and seminar. The above figure shows the system configuration. The automatic wiper system[...]

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paying the way for future of paying the way

Recent grad of Umeâ Institute of Design (via Jerusalem's Bezalel Academy, where he completed his B.F.A.), Gosha Galitsky is currently seeking work in Europe or the U.S. His concept for Dynapac, a manufacturer of compaction and paving equipment, is a forward-looking approach to infrastructural upkeep:

The Dynapac Red Carpet is an environmentally conscious solution for road maintenance in future Mega-Cities, where street traffic is predicted to become increasingly dense and unstoppable. This futuristic road-recycling paver allows inner city traffic to continue its flow without interruptions by letting vehicles drive over it while paving. The machine utilizes an existing process known as Hot-In-Place Recycling, in which the old road surface is re-heated using microwaves. The reclaimed asphalt is lifted into the machine, mixed with a small amount of fresh binder and paved back onto the road.

Ten points if you can name another road paving process (hint: "steamrolling" isn't a paving process); twenty if you can name another compaction equipment manufacturer. Which is to note that we use roads every day, yet we rarely, if ever, consider the maintenance and upkeep of asphalt. As a bike commuter in NYC, I've gained an intimate knowledge of the potholes on many of the streets in Upper Brooklyn and Lower Manhattan—and a visceral appreciation for freshly-laid asphal—but I have only a superficial (pun intended) understanding of road surfacing and the engineering considerations that go into infrastructure.

So assuming it's safe for cyclists, Galitsky's Dynapac "Red Carpet" concept looks good to me.

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future cycle

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2006 Peugeot Spider 207

The Spider 207, which received its world première in Paris, is developed from the 20Cup concept car but features a more conventional 4-wheel architecture and a rear transverse engine. This car, intended to be driven in a single class category, will provide intense and genuine driving pleasure, combined wîth the use of a production engine offering a high level of torque and reliability.

This category will be the curtain raiser to all five rounds of the Le Mans Series (LMS) and an extra event will also take place in France as part of the Rencontres Peugeot Sport. It is a racing car embodying the attributes of both LMP1 and LMP2 cars and complying wîth ACO regulations, particularly as regards rollover protection.

Its rear design is reminiscent of the Sport Prototype cars of the 1970s, wîth its short engine cowling wîth no rear spoiler.

The chassis:The chassis is tubular and consists of three main parts for reasons of repairability and the
engine-gearbox assembly occupies a central rear transverse position. For driver safety, the car's structure (chassis, front and rear rollover bars, crash box, and §teering column) meets the requirements of IAF regulations governing Sports Cars (LMP1 and LMP2)

Suspension, §teering, brakes:

Double wishbone and spring-damper units - front and rear.
A large number of components have been derived from Peugeot's current vehicles range.
They are, however, assembled according to 'racing' criteria (special ball joints and fixtures):
• Front and rear hub carriers from the 407, modified.
• Discs and brake calipers from the 407.
• Radiator and intercooler from the 207.
• Steering column from the 206.
• Steering from the 407.

An attempt has also been made to standardise as many parts as possible for the four
suspension units.

The engine:

The 1.6 litre THP 16v EP6 DTS engine is the same as that of the future 207RC, developed as part of the co-operation wîth the BMW Group. It is a standard engine except for the intake and exhaust systems which are modified for the Spider 207.

The power output is 128 kW, or 175bhp, at 5800 rpm.

The gearbox:

Sadev 6-speed dog ring sequential gearbox wîth selection controlled by 'paddles' on the
§teering wheel.

Body and aerodynamics:

The Spider 207 has two diffusers, one located under the bonnet forward of the front wheels, the other at the extreme rear. They are separated by a wide, flat under floor covering practically the entire underside of the car.

These diffusers and extractors help improve road holding.

Rear down force is also aided by the design of the imposing rear cowling, giving the car a specific style, but also making it possible to dispense wîth a rear spoiler, which can be very prone to accidental damage.

The bodywork consists of 9 individual parts in order to reduce repair costs.

Electronics:

The car features the standard Bosch electronic control unit (ECÚ), adapted, however, to the requirements of the Spider 207, but 'locked' to prevent any reprogramming or modifications.

A 'black box' fitted to the car will continuously record the engine's operating parameters. This data will be used for technical evaluation during events, but will not be accessible by competitors.

Source - Peugeot

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TXTe, a new commitment to the family of children's motorcycles and to the future

Electric technology enters the range of the Gas Gas TXT with the TXT e8 and e12. Designed for children, and is the first step to trial with 'zero emissions'.

After Gas Gas presented the premiere of the electric motorcycle at the Milan exposition with the prototype TXT e4820 trial bike, the company has decided to take another step in the introduction of electric technology in the world of off-road with a new family of 'zero emission' bikes with the first model an initiation into the world of trial. The new TXTe children adds to the range of models for youngsters including the Boy, Cadet and Rookie of the TXT line.

The new TXT e8 and TXT e12 have been developed from past experience in Gas Gas youth bikes, adopting the latest technology in electric drive and high capacity batteries as well as quick charge. The TXT e8 model has 8 inch wheels, a tubular chassis and a 0.5 kW motor, with the dual batteries lasting 2 hours. The TXT e12 goes a step further and has 12-inch wheels and a motor of 0.75 kW. There are three batteries and a higher capacity that maintains an operating range of 2 hours to respond to the higher consumption of the more powerful motor.

Both models feature components developed during the process of creating the prototype TXT e4820, as a potentiometer that regulates engine response, a charge indicator on the twist grip, a battery quick-release system and a simple connector to plug your charger to a conventional electrical grid. They also feature elements from the other models such as ergonomic grips, antislip foot rests, mechanical disc brakes and an ignition key.

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